Garrett Hardin
Moreover, the practical recommendations deduced from ecological principles threaten the vested interests of commerce; it is hardly surprising that the financial and political power created by these investments should be used sometimes to suppress environmental impact studies.Collection: Environmental
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights describes the family as the natural and fundamental unit of society. It follows that any choice and decision with regard to the size of the family must irrevocably rest with the family itself, and cannot be made by anyone else.Collection: Society
Ruin is the destination toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own best interest in a society that believes in the freedom of the commons.Collection: Freedom
Fundamentalists are panicked by the apparent disintegration of the family, the disappearance of certainty and the decay of morality. Fear leads them to ask, if we cannot trust the Bible, what can we trust?Collection: Trust
No one should be able to enter a wilderness by mechanical means.Collection: Environmental
Why are ecologists and environmentalists so feared and hated? This is because in part what they have to say is new to the general public, and the new is always alarming.Collection: Environmental
Continuity is at the heart of conservatism: ecology serves that heart.
The social arrangements that produce responsibility are arrangements that create coercion, of some sort.
An attack on values is inevitably seen as an act of subversion.
The rational man finds that his share of the cost of the wastes he discharges into the commons is less than the cost of purifying his wastes before releasing them.
A technical solution may be defined as one that requires a change only in the techniques of the natural sciences, demanding little or nothing in the way of change in human values or ideas of morality.
The only kind of coercion I recommend is mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon by the majority of the people affected.
Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all.
A finite world can support only a finite population; therefore, population growth must eventually equal zero.
You cannot do only one thing.
To say that we mutually agree to coercion is not to say that we are required to enjoy it, or even to pretend we enjoy it.
But it is no good using the tongs of reason to pull the Fundamentalists' chestnuts out of the fire of contradiction. Their real troubles lie elsewhere.
However, I think the major opposition to ecology has deeper roots than mere economics; ecology threatens widely held values so fundamental that they must be called religious.
A coldly rationalist individualist can deny that he has any obligation to make sacrifices for the future.
In a finite world this means that the per capita share of the world's goods must steadily decrease.
The optimum population is, then, less than the maximum.
Incommensurables cannot be compared.
Of course, a positive growth rate might be taken as evidence that a population is below its optimum.
Education can counteract the natural tendency to do the wrong thing, but the inexorable succession of generations requires that the basis for this knowledge be constantly refreshed.
In an approximate way, the logic of commons has been understood for a long time, perhaps since the discovery of agriculture or the invention of private property in real estate.
Indeed, our particular concept of private property, which deters us from exhausting the positive resources of the earth, favors pollution.
But as population became denser, the natural chemical and biological recycling processes became overloaded, calling for a redefinition of property rights.
Using the commons as a cesspool does not harm the general public under frontier conditions, because there is no public, the same behavior in a metropolis is unbearable.
It is a mistake to think that we can control the breeding of mankind in the long run by an appeal to conscience.
In a competitive world of limited resources, total freedom of individual action is intolerableCollection: Limited Resources
The rational herdsman concludes that the only sensible course for him to pursue is to add another animal to his herd. And another; and another . . . But this is the conclusion reached by each and every rational herdsman sharing a commons. Therein is the tragedy. Each man is locked into a system that compels him to increase his herd without limit — in a world that is limited. Ruin is the destination toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own best interest in a society that believes in the freedom of the commons. Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all.Collection: Believe
Every plausible policy must be followed by the question 'And then what?'Collection: Policy
You can never do merely one thing. The law applies to any action that changes something in a complex system. The point is that an action taken to alleviate a problem will trigger several effects, some of which may offset or even negate the one intended.Collection: Change
Society does not need more children; but it does need more loved children. Quite literally, we cannot afford unloved children - but we pay heavily for them every day. There should not be the slightest communal concern when a woman elects to destroy the life of her thousandth-of-an-ounce embryo. But all society should rise up in alarm when it hears that a baby that is not wanted is about to be born.Collection: Baby
There is nothing more dangerous than a shallow thinking compassionate personCollection: Thinking
The only thing we can really count on in this uncertain world is human unreliability itself.Collection: Unreliability
Never globalize a problem if it can possibly be dealt with locally.Collection: Problem
Ecology is the overall science of which economics is a minor speciality.Collection: Economics
The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality.Collection: Population Problem
Ecological differentiation is the necessary condition for coexistence.Collection: Differentiation
It takes five years for a willing person's mind to change. Have patience with yourself and others when treading in an area protected by a taboo.Collection: Years
The greatest folly is to accept expert statements uncritically. At the very least, we should always seek another opinion.Collection: Experts
Value is a relative concept: the value of each action is determined by comparing it with other possible actions.Collection: Determined
The essence of dramatic tragedy is not unhappiness. It resides in the solemnity of the remorseless working of things.Collection: Essence
Every measured thing is part of a web of variables more richly interconnected than we know.Collection: Variables
Numeracy: 1. The art of putting numbers to things, that is, assigning amounts to variables in order that practical decisions may be reach. 2. That aspect of education (beyond mere literacy) which takes account of quantitative aspects of reality.Collection: Art
The three filters [against folly] operate through these particular questions: Literacy: What are the words? Numeracy: What are the numbers? Ecolacy: And then what?Collection: Numbers
Thou shalt not transgress the carrying capacityCollection: Capacity
In the specific case of abortion, the matter is particularly easy in that no woman wants a late abortion. Once abortion was made legal, the age of the aborted fetus went down. The slope slipped in the other direction. If we legalize RU-486 and other similar new drugs, the age will fall to one week or less and start approaching zero. The slippery slope will slide in the other direction. The only reason we have late abortions is because we make early abortion difficult.Collection: Zero
The god who is reputed to have created fleas to keep dogs from moping over their situation must also have created fundamentalists to keep rationalists from getting flabby. Let us be duly thankful for out blessings.Collection: Dog