David Ricardo
There can be no rise in the value of labour without a fall of profits.Collection: Finance
Gold and silver, like other commodities, have an intrinsic value, which is not arbitrary, but is dependent on their scarcity, the quantity of labour bestowed in procuring them, and the value of the capital employed in the mines which produce them.Collection: Finance
By far the greatest part of those goods which are the objects of desire, are procured by labour; and they may be multiplied, not in one country alone, but in many, almost without any assignable limit, if we are disposed to bestow the labour necessary to obtain them.Collection: Alone
Gold, on the contrary, though of little use compared with air or water, will exchange for a great quantity of other goods.
Gold and silver are no doubt subject to fluctuations, from the discovery of new and more abundant mines; but such discoveries are rare, and their effects, though powerful, are limited to periods of comparatively short duration.
The exchangeable value of all commodities, rises as the difficulties of their production increase.
If we were left to ourselves, unfettered by legislative enactments, we should gradually withdraw our capital from the cultivation of such lands, and import the produce which is at present raised upon them.
After all the fertile land in the immediate neighbourhood of the first settlers were cultivated, if capital and population increased, more food would be required, and it could only be procured from land not so advantageously situated.
A rise in wages, from an alteration in the value of money, produces a general effect on price, and for that reason it produces no real effect whatever on profits.
If a commodity were in no way useful, - in other words, if it could in no way contribute to our gratification, - it would be destitute of exchangeable value, however scarce it might be, or whatever quantity of labour might be necessary to procure it.
But a rise in the wages of labour would not equally affect commodities produced with machinery quickly consumed, and commodities produced with machinery slowly consumed.
Profits might also increase, because improvements might take place in agriculture, or in the implements of husbandry, which would augment the produce with the same cost of production.
In the same manner if any nation wasted part of its wealth, or lost part of its trade, it could not retain the same quantity of circulating medium which it before possessed.
In stating the principles which regulate exchangeable value and price, we should carefully distinguish between those variations which belong to the commodity itself, and those which are occasioned by a variation in the medium in which value is estimated, or price expressed.
The rise or fall of wages is common to all states of society, whether it be the stationary, the advancing, or the retrograde state.
It is not by the absolute quantity of produce obtained by either class, that we can correctly judge of the rate of profit, rent, and wages, but by the quantity of labour required to obtain that produce.
Whenever, then, the usual and ordinary rate of the profits of agricultural stock, and all the outgoings belonging to the cultivation of land, are together equal to the value of the whole produce, there can be no rent.
If the quantity of labour realized in commodities, regulate their exchangeable value, every increase of the quantity of labour must augment the value of that commodity on which it is exercised, as every diminution must lower it.
If then the prosperity of the commercial classes, will most certainly lead to accumulation of capital, and the encouragement of productive industry; these can by no means be so surely obtained as by a fall in the price of corn.
A rise of wages from this cause will, indeed, be invariably accompanied by a rise in the price of commodities; but in such cases, it will be found that labour and all commodities have not varied in regard to each other, and that the variation has been confined to money.
Again two manufacturers may employ the same amount of fixed, and the same amount of circulating capital; but the durability of their fixed capitals may be very unequal.
As the revenue of the farmer is realized in raw produce, or in the value of raw produce, he is interested, as well as the landlord, in its high exchangeable value, but a low price of produce may be compensated to him by a great additional quantity.
During the period of capital moving from one employment to another, the profits on that to which capital is flowing will be relatively high, but will continue so no longer than till the requisite capital is obtained.
If the demand for home commodities should be diminished, because of the fall of rent on the part of the landlords, it will be increased in a far greater degree by the increased opulence of the commercial classes.
In comparing therefore the value of the same commodity, at different periods of time, the consideration of the comparative skill and intensity of labour, required for that particular commodity, needs scarcely to be attended to, as it operates equally at both periods.
The facility of obtaining food is beneficial in two ways to the owners of capital, it at the same time raises profits and increases the amount of consumable commodities.
The proportions, too, in which the capital that is to support labour, and the capital that is invested in tools, machinery and buildings, may be variously combined.
There is no way of keeping profits up but by keeping wages down.Collection: Business
It is here we come to the heart of the matter. The economic principle of comparative advantage', 'a country may, in return for manufactured commodities, import corn even if it can be grown with less labour than in the country from which it is importedCollection: Country
Nothing contributes so much to the prosperity and happiness of a country as high profits.Collection: Happiness
The farmer and manufacturer can no more live without profit than the labourer without wages.Collection: Business
Like all other contracts, wages should be left to the fair and free competition of themarket, and should never be controlled by the interference of the legislature.Collection: Wisdom
Profits are not made by differential cleverness, but by differential stupidity.Collection: Stupidity
The demand for money is regulated entirely by its value, and its value by its quantity.Collection: Demand
Taxation under every form presents but a choice of evils.Collection: Evil
Neither a state nor a bank ever have had unrestricted power of issuing paper money without abusing that power.Collection: Paper
Money is neither a material to work upon nor a tool to work with.Collection: Tools
No extension of foreign trade will immediately increase the amount of value in a country, although it will very powerfully contribute to increase the mass of commodities and therefore the sum of enjoyments.Collection: Country
The interest of the landlord is always opposed to the interests of every other class in the community.Collection: Class
Labour, like all other things which are purchased and sold... has its natural and its market price.Collection: Wisdom
The wheat bought by a farmer to sow is comparatively a fixed capital to the wheat purchased by a baker to make into loaves.Collection: Bakers
The exchangeable value of all commodities rises as the difficulties of their production increase.Collection: Commodity
Possessing utility, commodities derive their exchangeable value from two sources: from their scarcity, and from the quantity of labour required to obtain them.Collection: Two
There can be no greater error then in supposing that capital is increased by non-consumption.Collection: Errors
The price of corn will naturally rise with the difficulty of producing the last portions of it.Collection: Corn
If a tax on malt would raise the price of beer, a tax on bread must raise the price of bread.Collection: Beer
Rent is the portion of the earth, which is paid to the landlord for the user of the original and indestructible powers of the soilCollection: Earth
The variation in the value of money, however great, makes no difference in the rate of profits.Collection: Differences
But a tax on luxuries would no other effect than to raise their price. It would fall wholly on the consumer, and could neither increase wages nor lower profits.Collection: Fall