Roman Jakobson
When I speak it is in order to be heard.
Semantics, or the study of meaning, remained undeveloped, while phonetics made rapid progress and even came to occupy the central place in the scientific study of language.
Speech sounds cannot be understood, delimited, classified and explained except in the light of the tasks which they perform in language.
Acoustic phonetics, which is developing and increasing in richness very rapidly, already enables us to solve many of the mysteries of sound, mysteries which motor phonetics could not even begin to solve.
A new era in the physiological investigation of linguistic sounds was opened up by X-ray photography.
Every linguistic sign is located on two axes: the axis of simultaneity and that of succession.
At first acoustics attributed to the different sounds only a limited number of characteristic features.
From a strictly articulatory point of view there is no succession of sounds.
Now the identification of individual sounds by phonetic observation is an artificial way of proceeding.
Of course, we have known for a long time that a word, like any verbal sign, is a unity of two components.
For example, the opposition between acute and grave phonemes has the capacity to suggest an image of bright and dark, of pointed and rounded, of thin and thick, of light and heavy, etc.
In poetic language, in which the sign as such takes on an autonomous value, this sound symbolism becomes an actual factor and creates a sort of accompaniment to the signified.
It is once again the vexing problem of identity within variety; without a solution to this disturbing problem there can be no system, no classification.
Remember that the pharynx is at a crossroads from which leads off, at the top, the passage to the mouth cavity and the passage to the nasal cavity, and below, the passage to the larynx.
Instead of following one another the sounds overlap; a sound which is acoustically perceived as coming after another one can be articulated simultaneously with the latter or even in part before it.
Linguistic sounds, considered as external, physical phenomena have two aspects, the motor and the acoustic.
The search for the symbolic value of phonemes, each taken as a whole, runs the risk of giving rise to ambiguous and trivial interpretations because phonemes are complex entities, bundles of different distinctive features.
The task is to investigate speech sounds in relation to the meanings with which they are invested, i.e., sounds viewed as signifiers, and above all to throw light on the structure of the relation between sounds and meaning.
Languages differ essentially in what they must convey and not in what they may convey.Collection: May
The function of poetry is to point out that the sign is not identical to the referent.Collection: Art
What's next? Shall we appoint elephants to teach zoology?Collection: Teaching
Bilingualism is for me the fundamental problem of linguistics.Collection: Fundamentals
A linguist deaf to the poetic functions of language and a literary scholar indifferent to linguistics are equally flagrant anachronisms.Collection: Language
The poetic function is the set towards the message itself, focus on the message for its own sake which by promoting the palpability of signs, deepens the fundamental dichotomy of signs and objects.Collection: Art